Definition and Examples of Stasis in Classical Rhetoric

In classical rhetoric, stasis is the process of, first, identifying the central issues in a dispute, and next finding arguments by which to address those issues effectively. Plural: staseis. Also called stasis theory or the stasis system. Stasis is a basic resource of invention. The Greek rhetorician Hermagoras of Temnos identified four major types (or divisions) of stasis: Latin coniectura, conjecturing about the fact at issue, whether or not something had been done at a particular time by a particular person: e.g., Did X actually kill Y?Definitiva, whether an admitted action falls under the legal definition of a crime: e.g., Was the admitted killing of Y by X murder or homicide?Generalis or qualitas, the issue of the quality of the action, including its motivation and possible justification: e.g., Was the murder of Y by X in some way justified by the circumstances?Translatio, objection to the legal process or transference of jurisdiction to a different tribunal: e.g., Can this court try X for a crime when X has been given immunity from prosecution or claims the crime was committed in another city? See Examples and Observations below. Also see: ArgumentationDissoi LogoiExigenceInventionJudicial RhetoricMetastasisTopoi EtymologyFrom the Greek, stance. placing, position Examples and Observations Although he recognized the need to define the question at issue in a trial, Aristotle did not develop a theory to cover the various possibilities, nor did he use the term stasis. . . . The word literally means stand, standing, stance, describes the stance of a boxer toward an opponent, and perhaps was transferred from that context to the stand taken by a speaker toward an opponent. Quintilian (3.6.23) saw the influence of Aristotles dialectical categories of substance, quantity, relation, and quality on concepts of stasis, which in Latin is called constitutio or status.(George A. Kennedy, A New History of Classical Rhetoric. Princeton University. Press, 1994)Hermagoras was the most important contributor to stasis theory before the 2nd century AD and made stasis theory a much more important part of the rhetorical curriculum. However, only fragments of the works of Hermagoras have been preserved. Modern knowledge of the evolution of stasis theory is derived primarily from Rhetorica ad Herennium and Ciceros De Inventione.(Arthur R. Emmett, Hermogenes of Tarsus: Rhetorical Bridge From the Ancient World to the Modern. Rediscovering Rhetoric,  ed. by Justin T. Gleeson and Ruth C. A. Higgins. Federation Press, 2008)The Stasis SystemIn Book One of De Inventione, Cicero discusses a system for thinking through a judicial case, called the stasis (struggle or stopping point) system. An aspiring rhetorician could learn the skill by analyzing a case by dividing the debate into the likely issues of conflict, or stopping points. . . .Students studying a stasis system learned to think through cases by following the points at which disagreements were likely to arise. These points of stasis, or struggle, . . . divided a complex case into its component parts or questions. Arguments relevant to questions of fact, definition, and quality were rehearsed and thus integrated into the students pattern of thinking.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric. Allyn Bacon, 200 8)The Stasis Doctrine: Three QuestionsThe stasis doctrine, a procedure for determining relevant issues, was a staple concept for the Roman rhetoricians. According to the simplest interpretation of this doctrine, three questions are involved in the crux of a given case: (1) Did anything happen? a conjectural question answered by physical evidence; (2) What name should be applied to what happened? a question answered by precise definitions; (3) What sort of an action was it? a qualitative inquiry allowing the orator to specify mitigating circumstances.Additional material could be adduced by employing the topics.(Donovan J. Ochs, Ciceros Rhetorical Theory. A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric, 3rd ed., by James J. Murphy and Richard A. Katula. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003)The Stasis Doctrine Applied to Yogi BearTo return for a moment to Jellystone Park, conjectural stasis would have us ask whether Yogi Bear was responsible for the disappearance of the picnic basket, definitional stasis w hether he grabbed it and snaffled the contents, qualitative stasis whether the bylaws of Jellystone Park prohibit the theft of picnic baskets, and translative status whether the alleged theft should be tried in a human court or whether this thieving wild animal should be summarily shot by a park ranger.(Sam Leith, Words Like Loaded Pistols: Rhetoric From Aristotle to Obama. Basic Books, 2012)Stasis theory has to this day exercised important influences on the development of Western law, even if the level of explicit attention to the doctrines of stasis in the rhetorical as well as the legal literature has fluctuated greatly.(Hanns Hohmann, Stasis, in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001) Pronunciation: STAY-sis Also Known As: stasis theory, issues, status, constitutio Alternate Spellings: staseis

Discussion Questions Exploring The Righteous Mind

Discussion Questions: Exploring The Righteous Mind First Name Last Name Instructor Course 11 October 2017 Discussion Questions: Exploring Jonathan Haidts The Righteous Mind 1. In Chapter 1, Where Does Morality Come From, Jonathan Haidt discusses the origins of morality, which include social constructions humans have been following for years. Apart from the nature / nurture debate—a psychological breakdown of morals—Haidt also goes over how morals are related to the body (i.e. bodily rituals in Indigenous people). He concludes that morals come from three possible places: they can come from culture, gut feelings or childhood constructions of harm and reward (Haidt). My preconceived notions about morality come from a variety of places, but I think most relate to my upbringing. I was raised in an immigrant household where determination and an education were the most important aspects of life. My parents taught me the value of school and that I would have a good job after graduating. My job is perfect, though unconventional, and everything they have said has been 100% true. I lean toward traditional gender constructions and family configuration s, which is a product of my upbringing. 2. In this chapter, Haidt suggests that we could very well be almost entirely moral, with just a rational tail. While our morals are guided by sentiments, rationality exists to a large extent to mediate actions (Haidt). Because morality and intuition govern how we relate to others and contribute to the way we operate in the world, reasoning often comes second to morality. I typically make choices from the emotional vantage point; my sympathy and empathy for others drives me to do the right thing. I agree that while humans have a rational faculty—indeed, it sets us apart from everything else—our emotions set us apart from everything else, too. 3. In chapter 3, Haidt uses Glaucon, Plato and others to illustrate how when humans are left by themselves, they will often act selfishly. He says that accountability and reputation are massive factors for moral action, and that not getting caught is one of the primary reasons people do immoral things. Indeed, Haidt suggests this type of sneakiness is all but too common for humans (Haidt). Those who fail to acknowledge that most people will commit at least several moral faux pas when not observed are living in a world of dreams. Often, it is not even self-interest that drives a person to litter on the street or a child to steal a candy bar from an unsuspecting sweets vendor; it is simply the recognition that for just one moment, they are liberated. Of course, we are not talking about murder here. Humans have embedded ethical compasses that keep them from heinous acts. Small or petty evils will often be tolerated by this moral compass if no one is present. 4. In chapter 5, Haidt talks about the ethical ideas of autonomy, divinity and community. While the principle of autonomy suggests that everyone is an independent agent with specific needs and wants, community ethics believes that we are also embedded within our relationships and their contexts. The divinity principle is the idea that we are all temporary vessels for a higher power (Haidt). Nel Noddings made an interesting comment on this by presenting her conception of care ethics, a type of ethics opposed to the rational, autonomous systems put forward by Kant and other WEIRDs. Under care ethics, humans are not autonomous nor independent, but their morality is a function of social embeddedness. I believe in the community-centered version of morality because without other people, there is no one to practice morality on; it becomes ineffective and dwindles. 5. Figure 6.2 (Haidt) shows the different types of moral tastes, suggesting that people choose their moral tastes depending on personality and preferences. I rely to a large extent on the first two moral tastes—care and protection from harm and fairness / cheating. I rely somewhat on the third one as well (loyalty / betrayal) and almost not at all on the last two (authority and sanctity). Perhaps, the last two are synonymous—at least to me—with self-righteous, smug attitudes. I believe that the first two tastes, care and fairness / cheating, are important because they underlie human relationships. We may follow the rules partly because there is legal pressure to do so, but the basis of that legal pressure emerges from humans instinct to protect one another from harm and secure relationships of trust. Alan Watts once said that our institutions should be governed by mutual trust and not by formalities and paperwork; this goes along the same vein. 6. In chapter 8, The Conservative Advantage, (Haidt) the author talks about how politicians appeal to the moral tastes for support. For example, while democrats usually appeal to peoples sense of fairness, Republicans appeal to loyalty and duty. Our evolutionarily evolved moral intuitions are more centered around ideas of fairness and equity / equality than they are around loyalty. This is evident in the way most Western nations (except for the United States and their fluke POTUS) adopt a liberal, equity-minded politics and morality. My reaction to the idea that a political party could become successful because of its appeal to certain social fixtures is not very strong; I understood this was happening for a long time. 7. I was raised Catholic and went to Catholic high school and elementary school. However, at about grade 8 I shed most of the beliefs because I could not bring myself to understand that someone 2,000 years ago rose from a grave. I am spiritual and consider there is likely a governing force in our universe, but organized religion plays a minimal role in my life (except at family functions and Christmas). Even most of my family members have shed their religious sentiments and uphold them just for the sake of cultural and ethnic tradition. Except in Islamic nations, religion functions very poorly to control the population, as most people have risen above most organized religions impositions and supernatural tenets. 8. Reading Haidts text was an interesting experience, to say the least. On the one hand, most of what Haidt says I had known from previous research into ethics, psychology and philosophy. I like what he says about political platforms manipulating the public consciousness by appealing to large-scale moral tastes, such as fairness or loyalty. Haidt says humans are self-interested, but that most of us have the capacity to transcend this self-interest. I believe most people are good and trustworthy, and I have seen this evidenced on more occasions than I have seen the opposite (humans being deceitful or belligerent). I will go forward being who I am, trying to help people in the best way I know how, while maintaining a view to my own needs and goals. Works Cited Haidt, Jonathan. The righteous mind: why good people are divided by politics and religion. Vintage Books, 2013.

Stefan’s Diaries The Craving Chapter 10 Free Essays

November 6, 1864 Damon is back, though it seems he was never actually gone. He has been watching me, baiting me, controlling me. He is the puppet master and I am his hapless marionette, forced to do his bidding. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Until I saw Damon, I had not realized just how fond I had become of the Sutherlands, of how they eased my loneliness and gave me hope that I might not have to live in exile. Though I knew I had to leave them, I had dared to hope that by proving I could stay in control around them, my journey through this world might ultimately be less solitary. But Damon knows me all too well. He might have compelled the Sutherlands to accept me, but he didn’t compel me to stay in their presence. I could have slipped out this morning, could have run off in the park, could have disappeared into the crowd at the ball. And yet I stayed, because, as Damon no doubt predicted, I liked being part of a family again, even if just for a few fleeting days. Damon’s plan terrifies me – precisely because I don’t understand it. Why New York? Why the Sutherlands? Why involve me? If Damon was able to orchestrate everything, to so seamlessly weave his way into the Sutherlands’ lives and pave the way for my arrival, why stage such a spectacle? Why bother with a marriage? Why not just take Winfield to the bank and compel him and the teller to empty his vast accounts? Does he intend to live as a human? Does he need the marriage for legitimacy in New York society? Is he simply intent upon torturing me? Or is there something I’m missing? Some secret aim I can’t possibly begin to imagine†¦ All I have are questions. And I fear that the answers won’t come until the first dead body shows up. Later that Monday afternoon, I stood on the roof deck of one of the most amazing Federal-style houses ever built. Slim columns supported a soaring porch over a formal entrance, to which a grand, curved driveway rolled up as royally as a red carpet. From casement to cornice every detail was thoughtfully considered and never overdone. The dining room, large and oval, was (as near as I could tell) exactly the same as the one in the White House. The White House. In our new capital. That’s the sort of place the Commandant’s House was, as befitted the man who looked after the Brooklyn Naval Yards. What it lacked in size and modern touches (such as the Sutherlands’ residence), it more than made up for in perfectly manicured lawns, a fine orchard, and a spectacular view of Manhattan. The property was perched almost on a cliff surveying the East River and the city that was under the Navy’s protection. Commodore Matthew Perry himself had lived there earlier. I sighed at its magnificence. â€Å"No,† Bridget said, shaking her head decisively and heading back downstairs, picking up the train of her skirts in a very businesslike way. Her little entourage followed, laughing good-naturedly. â€Å"It’s too white,† joked Bram. â€Å"It’s too small,† added Hilda. â€Å"But it’s incredible! The views! The size! The†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I said. â€Å"What’s wrong with this one?† â€Å"Placement. It’s in Brooklyn,† Bridget said, barely acknowledging her fiance. â€Å"No one goes to Brooklyn to be married.† Winfield and his wife looked at each other with old love, clearly remembering their own wedding. Apparently it had been quite modest – he had not made his fortune yet. Neither one of them had minded. And yet they were willing to indulge their youngest daughter in her most expensive flights of fancy. Lydia smiled and murmured something to Damon, who wasn’t really paying attention. She didn’t mind where she was married. While it was to be a double feature with us two â€Å"happy† couples tying the knot at the same time, she had graciously allowed her sister to decide all the details. The Sutherlands were at least nominally Episcopal, but apparently neither Damon’s nor my religion, or lack thereof, was a bother, nor was a proper church necessary to the proceedings; a family chapel – a very rich family’s chapel – would be enough. Bridget was very modern that way. â€Å"So why did we bother seeing those mansions on Prospect Park?† Margaret muttered. â€Å"If Brooklyn is out, I mean.† â€Å"I rather liked the one with all the Romanesque arches,† I said, eager to get this portion of the sham weddings out of the way. â€Å"Fear not, brother,† Damon said, chucking me on the shoulder. â€Å"Only four more to go. Back in Manhattan.† We clattered down the steep, wooden, and rather old-fashioned stairs to the ground floor, thanking the butler for letting us in. Then it was a walk back down to the Fulton Ferry landing, where a boat would take us across to a veritable caravan of carriages for the long uptown commute. â€Å"This would be a nice place for an ice cream parlor,† Lydia remarked, walking around the dock pensively. â€Å"You want an ice cream?† Damon asked, as if to a four-year-old. If being with Bridget was bad enough, with me constantly cringing at the things that came out of her mouth, the nervous tension of waiting for Damon to say or do something horrible was even worse. I was on pins and needles the entire day. Because Damon would say something horrible, at some point, to Lydia, as soon as he tired of playing the game of attentive suitor. His attention span for games – other than ones he was betting on – was incredibly limited. â€Å"Yes,† Lydia said. â€Å"And there’s no ice cream here. And there should be.† â€Å"Won’t matter,† Bridget said, trying to add something useful to the conversation. â€Å"Soon there’s going to be a giant bridge and this will all be shaded off and there won’t be anything except for loud carriages and the stink of horses.† Bram, the original source of this information, shook his head. â€Å"No, Bridgey, the angle is fine. Look where the sun is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I leaned on a dock railing, surveying our little party. The girls in this setting looked like a scene from a painting, the four ladies’ cheeks rosy with sunlight and the exertion of the day, the long ribbons from their straw hats blowing in the wind, their fluffy walking skirts swept up against their legs by the sea breeze. They were all beautiful, and for just a moment I could forget my present situation. Margaret bought a paper from a newsboy to read on the trip over. It was a fine day for a boat ride and strangely the East River didn’t repel me the way fresh running water usually did. Bridget went to sit down inside the ferry, not wanting any more sun on her skin, which was ironic and hilarious considering my own situation. I was relaxing for the first time that day, my face up to the sun, letting my Mediterranean skin take on a bronzed, healthy glow. And then Margaret plopped down in the seat next to me. â€Å"You seem to be at least a bit more reasonable than the other fiance,† Margaret snapped. â€Å"Tell me. What do you want with my family. Money? The business? What?† I groaned inwardly. â€Å"You have to believe me,† I said, fixing her blue eyes with my own hazel ones. Without compelling her, I willed my voice to sound as genuine as I could. I took her arms in my hands, which was bold, but I needed her to understand. â€Å"I am not after Bridget’s wealth. All I want is your family’s safety and happiness. I swear to you by whatever you want.† â€Å"That’s just the problem. I don’t know what your word is worth. I don’t know you. Nobody knows you,† Margaret said. Sighing, she took off her hat. â€Å"It’s just†¦ so†¦ odd. I can see why Bridget likes you, you’re certainly handsome and well-mannered†¦.† I cast my eyes down, embarrassed. â€Å"But really – no papers, no history, just an escapee of the South? This is Bridget we’re talking about. She wanted Papa to take us all on a tour of Europe so she could capture the heart of a king, or prince, or at least a duke. Nothing less than royalty for her. And no offense, you’re about as far from royalty as one can get.† â€Å"Well, and Lydia got her count, I suppose.† â€Å"Yes,† Margaret said thoughtfully. She eyed me, pushing a black tendril of hair back behind her ear. â€Å"And what about Damon DeSangue†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I shrugged, trying to look innocent. â€Å"What do you think of him? The two of you have been†¦ unusually close since your double declarations of love.† I stared into the distance south, where the mighty Hudson and East rivers joined and became the sea. I shaded the city from my eyes, blocking it out, and the sun was bright white and rose over ancient, exotic waters. How much could I tell her without endangering her? She seemed to be the only one in the family with a sensible head on her shoulders. I thought once more about Katherine and whether my family would have been better prepared with some warning. â€Å"Don’t trust him,† I finally admitted, hoping I wasn’t putting her at greater risk. â€Å"I don’t.† â€Å"Hm.† She looked over at Damon, who was talking animatedly with Bram and Winfield. â€Å"Neither do I.† Bridget had chosen the next few venues to visit as far away as it was possible to get from where we were. The mansion of the Richards was near Fort Tryon on the northern tip of Manhattan, while the Fulton Ferry dock was at the southeastern end. The slow ride in our carriages from downtown gave me an almost panopticon’s view of city life. Slowly going up Fifth Avenue, I was amazed by the sheer difference in fortune of the people who made their home in New York – from the often shoeless newsboys and schmatta, or rag-sellers, to people like Winfield, who sat in his gilded private carriage, puffing on a cigar. We stopped for lunch about halfway there at the Mount Vernon Hotel on Sixty-first Street, where Bridget continued to discuss her outfit for the wedding. â€Å"†¦ and Darla had her dress in muslin, out of respect for the war, but it’s almost over, and I think I should have a new pair of earrings, don’t you, Papa? Stefan, darling, there is the most fantastic pair of pearl earrings†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon cleared his throat. â€Å"Bridget, you should absolutely have new earrings. And your outfit sounds good enough to eat, don’t you agree, Stefan?† I stood up from the table, unable to enjoy the nice repast of cold chicken, fresh bread, fish, and tea that had been set before us, and unable to listen to another word of my fiancee’s mindless prattling or my brother’s endless teasing. â€Å"I must go take some air,† I excused myself, and would have stumbled over the bench on my speedy way out if I didn’t have the grace of a vampire. I should not have been exhausted; I’d endured far worse. Living hungry in the middle of Central Park and hunting small prey was far more physically demanding than sitting in a carriage, looking at houses, and listening to the youngest member of the Sutherland family babble on about meaningless things. But as I had not fed since the squirrel the day before, I was famished and weak, as if I was enduring a transatlantic journey. A quick, silent trip to the kitchens revealed exactly what I had hoped – rats, of course. Not too many, and mostly in the breezeway between the cold house and the pantry. With a flash of my hand I grabbed one and broke its neck, sucking the poor thing dry, all without losing control. It was easy, with such disgusting fare. A low noise, a muffled sigh, made me turn and look up guiltily, rat blood leaking down my lips. Damon stood there holding a waitress around her throat, fangs out and ready to feast. She had the dumb, slightly breathless look of someone who was under a spell. â€Å"I see we both slipped out for the same thing,† Damon said, pleased. He raised a lip in disgust at the rat in my hand. â€Å"Although, really, you can do better.† He lifted his head back, ready to tear – â€Å"Please – don’t†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I put up my hand helplessly. â€Å"Please don’t kill her,† I begged. Damon paused. â€Å"All right,† he said gamely. â€Å"I won’t kill her. As an early wedding present! Just for you.† I closed my eyes, seeing the horror of the future before me. By implying he wasn’t going to kill this girl, as a present, there was the assumption that there would of course be other murders, later on. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 10, Essay examples

Organization Change Activities-Samples for Students Myassignment

Questions: 1.What is Organizational Change? 2.Discuss why it is necessary for Contemporary Organizations to appreciate the scale and scope of the change they are facing. 3.Discuss some reasons why some change programs in Organizations fail, or under-achieve, on the intended goals and then illustrate with a case example. 4.Discuss further reasons why some change programs in Organizations fail, or under-achieve, on the intended goals, and then illustrate with a (different) case example. Answers: 1.The organizational change implies modification and reviewing of certain management structures as well as business processes within an enterprise. It takes place when an organization makes a shift from its current stage to its desired stage. This competitive global environment urges the organizations to embrace viable and practical strategies to grow big and competitive in an effective way. As stated by Diogo, Carvalho Amaral (2015), the organizational change is a framework that implements an alteration and amendment of the business processes, cultural prevalence, business structure and administration within the organization. This transformation in the enterprise is done for the sake of organizational growth and success. It is done to minimize the cost incurred by the organization and process the organizational activities efficiently. In this contemporary business environment, due to globalization and rapid technological change, the enterprises undergo a vivid change to remain pers istence in the foreign competition. According to Nacamulli, Sheldon Della Torre (2017), the change initiatives in the organization had to face resistance from the employees. It is because; they fear something new in the organization, to which they are unfamiliar with. The performance gap and deficiencies within the prevailing managerial structure perceived in the organization also drive towards organizational change 2.In modern times, the contemporary organizations appreciate the scope and scale of change to maintain a balance between the external and internal environment at the enterprise. Baylis, Owens Smith (2017) mentioned that organizations need to escalate clear scope to avoid overlapping between the disciplines and to divide work among the departments. The changes at the workplace help in upgrading and elevating the relationship between the different approaches and techniques of the organization. It also facilitates in enriching the competency levels and skills of the employees in the workplace. Moreover, the scope of appreciating changes at the workplace enhances the increase in understandability among the people. As opined by Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis (2015), changes are appreciated at the organizations as it reduces the conflicts at the workplace and also enable each of the departments to work in a unified way. The confusion at the workplace regarding the distribution of roles and res ponsibilities are also reduced with the organizational change. With the levitation of the scope and scale of change, the operational and management activities of the organization are improved and made competitive in this era of globalization. The change provides a scope to the organization in renewing its structure, direction, and capabilities. 3.In modern times, the organizations are constantly making evolution and pacing towards change making the organizations strategic imperative in nature. As stated by O'Neill Jackson (2016), while the organizations change, certain minute points get ignored and unnoticed, leading to the failure of the enterprises. One of the reasons for failure is the lack of knowledge that created a huge gap among the employees acquaintance and doings. Moreover, the lack of practice and skill among the people has made the change programs in the organization a failure. Along with this, the hidden conflicts at the workplace due to change process in the organization increase the low retention of employees, leading to organizational failure. An example can be given from Nokia, where the organization failed to achieve its intended goals in the contemporary world (Muchokochoko, 2014). The organizational management ignored the importance of knowing the expectation of the customers, assessing the evolution of modern technology. It, therefore, attributed poor working culture and communication gap across the organization. In Nokia, the management failed to understand the talent resource within the organization, leading to its failure. The early issues were ignored, which made Nokia fail in achieving its goals after the implementation of change management. 4.The reason behind the failure of the change program in the organizations is due to the transformation of leadership. As stated by O'Neill Jackson (2016), the characteristics of a good leadership contain high motivation, integrity, honesty, self-confidence, knowledge towards business and cognitive ability. These characteristics are the important traits of a successful leader. With the implementation of transformational leadership, ample time in the organization is spent in discussion of every strategy adopted by the organization. It, therefore, increased the loss of excessive time in the organization, leading to its failure in the organizational goals. An example can be cited from Hewlett-Packard that facilitated changing leadership to transformational from autonomous leadership (Gallagher, 2015). This change was done to improve flexibility in the organization. But, this idea failed as the management was unsuccessful in managing the entire organization and employees. The cross-boun dary operations became weak, and the organization also failed in accelerating the business. Through training and development were provided to the employees, the overall teamwork lost enthusiasm and motivation to work. The dynamic leadership gave rise to needless discussions and long arguments among the employees. It, therefore, led a huge loss of time and energy by the employees, which is deteriorating the performance of HP in attending its intended goals. References Baylis, J., Owens, P. Smith, S. eds., (2017).The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. Pitsis, T., (2015).Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Diogo, S., Carvalho, T. Amaral, A., (2015). Institutionalism and organizational change. InThe Palgrave International Handbook of Higher Education Policy and Governance(pp. 114-131). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Gallagher, A., (2015). The responsibility to protect ten years on from the world summit: a call to manage expectations.Global Responsibility to Protect,7(3-4), pp.254-274. Muchokochoko, W., (2014). The impact of employee motivation on company Performance; a case study of TM Supermarket. Nacamulli, R., Sheldon, P. Della Torre, E.E., (2017). Meta-Organizations and Upper Echelons: Exploring Strategic and Organizational Change in Employer Associations. O'Neill, C. Jackson, B., (2016), February. Return on Values: Towards a Model for Evaluating Alignment Between Investors and Impact Enterprises. InSocial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Conference: Collaborating for Impact(p. 300).